Multilingual Statistics

Statistics for Linguistics and Language Teaching Studies

Companion Site for "From Concept to Calculation"

Choose a langauge above. Select a test from below. Click the question marks for explanations, help and details.

Get the free e-book here or purchase a paperback or kindle version. Get explanations, sample data and explanatory Excel Sheets here.

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Is there a difference between groups?

Counts or Percentages (Chi-Square)
2 Numerical Data Sets (t-test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon)
3+ Numerical Data Sets (ANOVA, Friedman, Kruskall-Wallis)
Pre/Post Tests of Experimental and Control Groups (Mixed ANOVA)

Is there a correlation between data sets?

For 2 Data Sets (Pearson, Spearman)
Correlation Matrix (Pearson, Spearman)
For 3+ Data Sets (Multiple regression)

Other Calculators:


Inter-rater Reliabiliity


Individual P or Effect Sizes

Descriptive data and visualization (table, box and whiskers)
Effect size calculator (r from Z and N)
Calculate p from Z, t, Χ2, or q values

Please cite the book below if used for research purposes.

Spring, R. (2026). From concept to calculation: Classical statistics in language education research. TESL-EJ Publications.

Get the free e-book here or purchase a paperback or kindle version (all proceeds go to TESL-EJ to support non-profit TESOL research). Get explanations, sample data and explanatory Excel Sheets here.

Visit the research page of the creator, Ryan Spring, for examples of these tests used in practical research.