Please cite the book below if used for research purposes.
Spring, R. (2026). From concept to calculation: Classical statistics in language education research. TESL-EJ Publications.
Get the free e-book here or purchase a paperback or kindle version (all proceeds go to TESL-EJ to support non-profit TESOL research). Get explanations, sample data and explanatory Excel Sheets here.
Visit the research page of the creator, Ryan Spring, for examples of these tests used in practical research.
