1. Contain two different groups of participants
2. Contain measuements for the same participants in the pre- and post-tests
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Experiment Group
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Experiment Group
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Control Group
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Control Group
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Spring, R. (2026). From concept to calculation: Classical statistics in language education research. TESL-EJ Publications.
Visit the research page of the creator, Ryan Spring, for examples of these tests used in practical research.