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Multilingual Statistics

Hotelling's T-square

Warning: this test assumes your data are normally distributed

Warning: this is NOT the correct test for control/experimental groups


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Are your data sets paired data?*



How many PAIRS of data do you have?*

*Click on the black ? symbol for help




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For Results Section:

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Please cite the book below if used for research purposes.

Spring, R. (2026). From concept to calculation: Classical statistics in language education research. TESL-EJ Publications.

Get the free e-book here or purchase a paperback or kindle version (all proceeds go to TESL-EJ to support non-profit TESOL research). Get explanations, sample data and explanatory Excel Sheets here.

Visit the research page of the creator, Ryan Spring, for examples of these tests used in practical research.