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Multilingual Statistics

Hotelling's T-square

Warning: this test assumes your data are normally distributed

Warning: this is NOT the correct test for control/experimental groups


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Are your data sets paired data?*



How many PAIRS of data do you have?*

*Click on the black ? symbol for help




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Please cite the book below if used for research purposes.

Spring, R. (2026). From concept to calculation: Classical statistics in language education research. TESL-EJ Publications.

Get the free book here or purchase it here. Get explanations, sample data and explanatory Excel Sheets here.

Visit the research page of the creator, Ryan Spring, for examples of these tests used in practical research.