Multilingual Statistics

Statistics for Linguistics and Language Teaching Studies

Companion Site for "From Concept to Calculation"

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Is there a difference between groups?

Counts or Percentages (Chi-Square)
2 Numerical Data Sets (t-test, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon)
3+ Numerical Data Sets (ANOVA, Friedman, Kruskall-Wallis)
Pre/Post Tests of Experimental and Control Groups (Mixed ANOVA)

Is there a correlation between data sets?

For 2 Data Sets (Pearson, Spearman)
Correlation Matrix (Pearson, Spearman)
For 3+ Data Sets (Multiple regression)

Other Calculators:


Inter-rater Reliabiliity


Individual P or Effect Sizes

Descriptive data and visualization (table, box and whiskers)
Effect size calculator (r from Z and N)
Calculate p from Z, t, Χ2, or q values

Please cite the book below if used for research purposes.

Spring, R. (2026). From concept to calculation: Classical statistics in language education research. TESL-EJ Publications.

Get the free book here or purchase it here. Get explanations, sample data and explanatory Excel Sheets here.

Visit the research page of the creator, Ryan Spring, for examples of these tests used in practical research.